Chemical Bonding Basics

  • Ionic Bonding: Electron transfer (metal → non-metal) → cations & anions (e.g., NaCl)
  • Covalent Bonding: Electron sharing (non-metals) → polar or non-polar (e.g., H₂O, CO₂)
  • Metallic Bonding: Delocalized electrons around metal cations → conductivity & ductility
  • Hydrogen Bonding: Strong dipole interaction with H–N, H–O, H–F (e.g., water, DNA)
  • Van der Waals Forces: Weak attractions (London dispersion, dipole-dipole)

Left side of table → metals (lose e⁻) • Right side → non-metals (gain e⁻)